Nanotechnology in the context of organic food processing

Nanotechnology, the science of the ultra small, is up-and-coming as the technological platform for the next wave of development and transformation of agri-food systems. It is quickly moving from the laboratory onto supermarket shelves and our kitchen tables (Scrinis and Lyons, 2007). Therefore we investigated in a literature review and a comparison of the findings with the EU regulation of organic farming to what degree nanotechnology can be applied in organic food production. The regulations do not restrict the use of nanotechnology in general. Because little is known about the impact on environment and human health, precaution should be taken when it comes to applying this technology in organic food production

Antinematic local order in dendrimer liquids

We use monomer-resolved numerical simulations to study the positional and orientational structure of a dense dendrimer solution, focusing on the effects of dendrimers' prolate shape and deformability on the short-range order. Our results provide unambiguous evidence that the nearest-neighbor shell of a tagged particle consists of a mixture of crossed, side-by-side, side-to-end, and end-to-end pair configurations, imposing antinematic rather than nematic order observed in undeformable rodlike particles. This packing pattern persists even at densities where particle overlap becomes sizable. We demonstrate that the antinematic arrangement is compatible with the A15 crystal lattice reported in several dendrimer compounds.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Paper millionaires: How valuable is stock to a stockholder who is restricted from selling it?

Many firms have stockholders who face severe restrictions on their ability to sell their shares and diversify the risk of their personal wealth. We study the costs of these liquidity restrictions on stockholders using a continuous-time portfolio choice framework. These restrictions have major effects on the optimal investment and consumption strategies because of the need to hedge the illiquid stock position and smooth consumption in anticipation of the eventual lapse of the restrictions. These results provide a number of important insights about the effects of illiquidity in financial markets.

Incriminatory Effects of Compliance with IRS Subpoenas for Personal Documents: An Analysis of Current Approaches

This Note argues that creating a tax-crime exception to the privilege against self-incrimination countervenes both the language and the spirit of the Fifth Amendment. This Note further argues that the Ninth Circuit\u27s creation of a tax crime-exception stemmed from a misinterpretation of precedent. This Note describes the tax system and structure of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), including its investigatory powers. The relationship between the IRS and the Department of Justice is discussed to ascertain the incriminatory effects of taxpayers\u27 disclosures. A Ninth Circuit district court case, United States v. Troescher, is used as a framework for analyzing the Ninth Circuit\u27s distinction between tax and nontax crimes. The development of the nontax-crime exception by the Ninth Circuit is also discussed. Additionally, this Note examines the history of the privilege against self-incrimination and the different tests employed by the Supreme Court to determine its applicability. This Note concludes by arguing that the current approach of the Ninth Circuit is inconsistent with the underlying purposes of the Fifth Amendmen

Incriminatory Effects of Compliance with IRS Subpoenas for Personal Documents: An Analysis of Current Approaches

This Note argues that creating a tax-crime exception to the privilege against self-incrimination countervenes both the language and the spirit of the Fifth Amendment. This Note further argues that the Ninth Circuit\u27s creation of a tax crime-exception stemmed from a misinterpretation of precedent. This Note describes the tax system and structure of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), including its investigatory powers. The relationship between the IRS and the Department of Justice is discussed to ascertain the incriminatory effects of taxpayers\u27 disclosures. A Ninth Circuit district court case, United States v. Troescher, is used as a framework for analyzing the Ninth Circuit\u27s distinction between tax and nontax crimes. The development of the nontax-crime exception by the Ninth Circuit is also discussed. Additionally, this Note examines the history of the privilege against self-incrimination and the different tests employed by the Supreme Court to determine its applicability. This Note concludes by arguing that the current approach of the Ninth Circuit is inconsistent with the underlying purposes of the Fifth Amendmen

Distribution of sea-air CO 2 fluxes in the Patagonian Sea: Seasonal, biological and thermal effects

Sea-air CO2 fluxes (FCO2) in the Patagonian Sea (PS) were studied using observations collected in 2000-2006. Based on the PS frontal structures and the thermal and biological contributions to FCO2 we present a regional subdivision between distinct regimes that provide new insights on the processes that control these fluxes. The coastal regime (CR) is a net source of atmospheric CO2 (4.9 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1) while the open shelf regime (SHR) is a net CO2 sink (-6.0 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1). The interface between these two regions closely follows the location of along-shore fronts. In addition, based on the nature of the processes that drive the FCO2, the PS is subdivided between northern (NR) and southern (SR) regions. Both, NR and SR are CO2 sinks, but the CO2 uptake is significantly higher in NR (-6.4 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1) than in SR (-0.5 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1). The data reveal a strong seasonality in FCO2. The mean CO2 capture throughout the PS in austral spring is -5.8 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1, reaching values lower than -50 x 10-3mol.m-2.d-1 in NR, while in winter FCO2 is close to equilibrium in SR. The analysis of the biological and thermal effects (BE and TE, respectively) on seasonal pCO2 variability indicates that regions of CO2 emission are dominated by the TE while regions of CO2 uptake are dominated by the BE. Our results indicate that the biological pump is the dominant process determining the sea-air CO2 flux in the PS.Fil: Kahl, Lucía Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Bianchi, Alejandro A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Osiroff, Ana Paula. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Pino, Diana Ruiz. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie; FranciaFil: Piola, Alberto Ricardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin